Economic Globalization Is The Growing Integration Of World...

Economic globalization is the growing integration of world markets and the intensifying interdependence of global economies. The process has social and economic costs as well as benefits. The process is both critiqued and lauded by scholars. On one hand it provides opportunities and growth while on the other hand it creates an unequal distribution of wealth also while hurting workers rights. At the conclusion of World War II, Harry White and John Maynard Keynes aimed to create a financial strategy to liberate the world economy from the extensive restrictions and controls levied during the war. At the Bretton Woods conference, they provided proposals which strengthened American economic hegemony (Rodrik). This happened because both White and Keynes recognized that domestic economic needs outranked global economics (Rodrik). The goal of the Bretton Woods conference was to stimulate moderate economic globalization. Dani Rodrik praises the unification of global markets and trade liberalization after the Bretton Woods conference. He especially lauds Keynesian globalization, which gives states discretion in trade policy and regulation. According to Rodrik, the Bretton Woods conference was successful in fostering economic trade after years of war and rivalry. However, he does critique trade liberalization and multilateral international institutions that emerged out of Bretton Woods, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), General Agreements on Tariffs and TradeShow MoreRelatedGlobalization : The Super Story1366 Words   |  6 PagesWith the growing demand for professionals, countries and industries around the world have broaden their usual scope of search from within their own boundaries to across their borders looking for cheaper yet more capable men and women. In Thomas Friedman’s article, Globalization: The Super-Story, he defines globalization as the inexorable integration of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before. In simple terms, globalization is the process of internationalRead MoreGlobalization And Globalization1050 Words   |  5 PagesChoice 18: â€Å"On balance, globalization expands rather than contracts opportunities for economic prosperity around the world.† Why do you agree or disagree with this statement? Please support your answer with appropriate examples. Globalization has impacted almost every part of the modern world; it can be characterized by economic, political, and cultural integration. Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-borderRead MoreGlobalization Evolution703 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿GLOBALIZATION EVOLUTION OF GLOBALIZATION The term globalization denotes â€Å"globe† as a single market. Product presence in different Markets of the world. Production base across the globe. Human resources from all over the world. International investment Transaction involving IPRs. The advent in ICI(information, communication and technology) Rapid economic liberalization of trade and investment The mobility of people and transactional moves The reach of satellite channels, internet etc. Read MoreEssay on Globalization: Sharing Our Prosperity With the World1388 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization is the growing interdependence of the worlds people that involves the integration of economies, technologies, and cultures (Bradshaw). It is described as the increased movement of people, knowledge and ideas, and goods and money across national borders that have led to the increased interconnectedness among the world. Globalization is often thought of in economic terms but as we know there are three major components implicated with this idea including: economics, politics, andRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Globalization on State Relationships879 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization, both as an ideology and process, has become the dominant political, economical and cultural force in the 21st century. Quote from Globalism: The New Market Ideology by Manfred D.Steger, Page 6 One of the biggest questions currently asked in international politics seeks to determine the role that globalization plays in world and its effect on state relationships. While there i s debate about the extent to which globalization is occurring and influencing international relationsRead MoreDiscussion on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Globalization651 Words   |  3 PagesDiscussion on the advantages and disadvantages of economic globalization At present, economy globalization, which can be defined as the expanding world integration through trade, financial flow and knowledge, has significant effect on developed and developing countries. We are living in a world where people can communicate efficiently and enjoy the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. Due to the economic globalization, the material life today is more colorful than before. However, there areRead MoreEssay on The Opportunities and Risks of Globalization1560 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization, both as an ideology and process, has become the dominant political, economical and cultural force in the 21st century. Quote from Globalism: The New Market Ideology by Manfred D.Steger, Page 6 Globalization is one of the most charged issues of the day. It is everywhere in public discourse - in TV sound bites and slogans on placards, in web-sites and learned journals, in parliaments, corporate boardrooms and labor meeting halls. Extreme opponents charg e it with impoverishingRead MoreECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION ON TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY1682 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION ON TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY Case of Vodafone Contents Contents 2 SUMMARY 3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GLOBALIZATION 3 GLOBALIZATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY- CASE OF VODAFONE 4 CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION ON TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY- CASE OF VODAFONE 4 EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION 6 REFERENCES 7 SUMMARY While discussing the topics of trade, development and political economy, globalization is often discussed. In general, globalizationRead MoreEssay on Brazil: Embracing Globalization?1519 Words   |  7 PagesBRAZIL: EMBRACING GLOBALIZATION? Background This case focuses on Brazils development strategy since World War II and on the change of the economic model following the debt crisis of the 1980s. At the time of the case Brazilian officials are deciding whether regional integration or globalization offer the best route to economic prosperity and development. This case illustrates the challenges that developing countries face in defining trade policy. It also introduces the role of regional tradeRead MoreHow Globalization Affects Developing Countries?1504 Words   |  7 PagesHow Globalization Affects Developed Countries The phenomenon of globalization began in a primitive form when humans first settled into different areas of the world; however, it has shown a rather steady and rapid progress in the recent times and has become an international dynamic which, due to technological advancements, has increased in speed and scale, so that countries in all five continents have been affected and engaged. What Is Globalization? Globalization is defined as a process which, based

African American Of African Americans - 1491 Words

African Americans have witnessed much discrimination throughout the years. The issue of reparations for all African Americans is argued by one scholar and a credible newspaper. The debate about reparations started with the agreement side from the opinion of Robert Allen. He stated historical aspects that showed the crusade that many African American leaders started to get a compromise with the government. Allen continues to research the problems of African American involving with financial worth in America throughout history. He even goes as far to say that â€Å"Reparations provides a framework for the redistribution of wealth within the existing political economy.† The opposition of the debate was from the writers of The Economist. They defended their argument with a policy that focused on the difficulty of identifying the victims and past perpetrators. The writers also brought up the fact that corporations involved in exploitation of slaves made amends a long time ago and c annot be responsible for the predicament of African Americans. This debate has heightened over the years as new forms of oppression of African Americans have appeared in recent years. In my view of the debate, Robert Allen has the most logical argument over the writers of The Economist about the need for the government to make reparations for African Americans as way for racial equality. Robert L. Allen is adjunct professor of African American Studies at University of California Berkeley and received aShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And African American Community852 Words   |  4 PagesAs seen through time, African-Americans have been at a disadvantage when it comes to accessing funds that are available to most people. This however has not stopped them from creating and accessing help that supports and aids their families. Through communal efforts, African-Americans have been able to create mutual aid for themselves. In these communities, there are many sectors that have been bu ilt, but the main reason many are â€Å"making it† or able to afford and do what they are currently doingRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Studies844 Words   |  4 Pageswould shed light on African Americans. The progress the students created is seen today in American Universities ,and also HBCUs, where (AAS)African American Studies is implemented into the curriculum. Before, the dissection the formation of AAS, it should be noted that without the sacrifice from others I undoubtedly would not be writing about AAS ,or reflecting on the significance it has created for generations so far. There have always been African Studies, just not in the American Education SystemRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Families921 Words   |  4 PagesThe number of two-parent African American households is dissolving. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the black family has declined from 80% in 1890 to 39% in 1990. The result of conflict, and warring souls in the African American community, this trend can be stopped and reversed. The African American family must first gain an understanding of what is causing this dissolution, then they can be taught about what principals and skills they must adapt in order to reverse it. Once this isRead MoreAfrican Americans And Identity Of African American1169 Words   |  5 PagesIn the year of 1619, the largest oppressive legal structure in American History came about, the institution of slavery. Although slavery was abolished in the year of 1865, African Americans are still enslaved by intuitional racism. There are systems in place to keep minorities at a disadvantage. This system of oppression is carried by a number of factors such as; the segregation of black people in urban areas referred to as ghettos, mass incarceration rate for people of color, large educational gapsRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Culture953 Words   |  4 Pagesand perception of the African American culture. One common characteristic is that African Americans are much more likely to live in poverty and poverty stricken areas than White Americans (McNamara Burns, 2009). What I have learned it is not as simple as African Americans are poorer than White Americans. While the statement is true, it is simplistic. There are many reasons and. causes for the disparity in wealth and income between African Americans and White American. One explanation givenRead MoreAfrican American History : African Americans1269 Words   |  6 PagesThere are countless examples of how African Americans have transformed history or made a mark on our country. African Americans have displayed heroism and bravery for what we believe in. Without Black History Month as a holiday, these people would not have been recognized for all of their many achievements. We must continue to celebrate the achievements of African Americans, and we must correct the inconsistences of the past. Black History Month should be kept as a national holiday as long as weRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Equality883 Words   |  4 Pagesthan ever for African Americans in the year 1865; Union victory, emancipation, the right to vote, education and opportunity were on the horizon. However, the post-civil war time period proved to be much different than anticipated. Although blacks were eager to demonstrate their democratic participation and inclusion, they were often faced with opposition and disenfranchisement, especially during and after reconstruction. This oscillating and contradictory battle for African American equality is seenRead MoreAfrican American Oppression : African Americans Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages African American Oppression 1. A group that has been oppressed for a long period of time is African Americans. They dealt with so much from history to present that I feel they should benefit from community organizing. Especially with recent events that’s going on with them as a population, they could benefit from it. 2. The African American population in the U.S is 13.3% and what distinguishes them from the rest of the population is that there’s a lot of history behind African Americans. The descendantsRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Culture Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesExactly how â€Å"black† is black America? African American culture in the United States has evolved continuously throughout United States history carrying on various cultural traditions of African ethnic groups brought here during slavery. The U.S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as a person having origins in any of the Black race groups of Africa.[1]. African American culture is derived chiefly from people originated from sub-Saharan and Sahelian cultures in Africa. Over hundreds of yearsRead MoreAfrican American Economy : African Americans909 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Economy The unemployment rate in the African American community is higher than any other group in American society. Institutionalized racism and unequal education opportunities have contributed to the unemployment rate. There are various reasons why the unemployment rate is greater in the African American communities. Consequently, Blacks are attaining higher education at a rate lower than other groups in society, and lack opportunities in the workforce. These are just two of the

SETI Program Essay Example For Students

SETI Program Essay Bertrand Russell wrote, There are two possibilities. Maybe we are alone. Maybe we are not. Both are equally frightening (Jakosky 1). The question oflife in the universe is one that leaves many in a state of bewilderment. Itbecomes even more interesting when it leads to another question that ofintelligent life in the universe. Finding other intelligent civilizations amongthe interstellar space would greatly affect every aspect of our existence. Conversely, not finding such a civilization would force us to examine thepurpose of our own existence. To help answer the question, astronomers andscientists set up a program in search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Thisprogram, or SETI, was set up to verify, by observation that extraterrestriallife does exist. SETI tries to prove this by picking up and analyzing radiosignals by means of satellites and advanced computers (Heidmann 116). Thehistory of the SETI program is quite interesting. It started back in 1959 withthe help of two famous Cornell University physicists, Guiseppi Cocconi and PhilMorrison. Both claimed that it would be possible to communicate with otherpotential extraterrestrial life in space by the use of techniques used in radioastronomy (Heidmann 112). Together, they voiced their belief that if otheralien astronomers elsewhere in the universe possessed radio telescopes,that it would be possible to converse between the two (Heidmann 112-113). Ayoung astronomer by the name of Francis Drake agreed with the theories ofCocconi and Morrison. He proposed building a radio receiver in order to listenfor waves of sound being transmitted through space. It wasnt until the springof 1960 that Drake began his first project of SETI, Ozma. In this project, hewas the first to conduct a search for signals transmitted from other solarsystems. For two tedious months, Drake pointed an eighty-five foot antenna inthe direction of two starts the same age as our sun, Tau Ceti and Epsil. Asingle 100Hz-channel receiver scanned nearly 400kHz of bandwidth, for a repeatedseries of patterned pulses that would indicate an intelligent message (Heidmann113-144). Unfortunately, the only sound that came from the speaker was static. Though no intelligent life was found and project Ozma proved to be nothing but adisappointment, it actually spurred the interest of others who created afeasible scientific objective (Project Ozma). In the 1960s the SovietUnion dominated much of the SETI program. However in the 1970s NASAs AmesResearch center, located in California began to take over. After nearly a decadeof study and preliminary research, the NASA headquarters fully funded andadopted the SETI program. However, five years later Congress ruled the program afoolish unnecessary scientific endeavor that wasted valuable funding. Congressthen decided to not allow NASA to support SETI and terminated the funding(History of SETI). Despite the obstacle, the SETI program was reborn,forming the SETI Institute. Its first privately funded project, ProjectPhoenix, is the worlds most sensitive and comprehensive search forextraterrestrial intelligence that listens to radio signals being transmittedour way. The project focuses on North ern Stars by scanning only those that aresun-like and are more capable of supporting life (Heidmann 146). The PhoenixProject is only one of the many projects run for the search of extraterrestrialintelligence, but is one of the most important. Another highly significantproject in the search for other life would be the project run by the ColumbusOptical SETI Observatory, or COSETI. This project was formed to promote theoptical search for extraterrestrial intelligence. In other words, it seeks todetect pulsed and continuous wave laser beacon signals in the visible andinfrared spectrums. Until 1998 however, little, or nothing was ever said toindicate that there might possibly be a sensible optical approach to SETI. Manyresearchers believe that extraterrestrials, if they exist, are so sophisticatedthat they would use lasers for their communications rather than radio waves. Itis said that by the year 2005 that most SETI activities will be of the opticalkind and that the Hubble Space Tele scope (HST) could also be retrofitted forCOSETI. (The Optical). One of the more recent projects that we are facedwith today is the emailprotected Home Project. This project allows the general public toget involved in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence by allowing them touse their home computers to search for signs of radio signals being transmittedto Earth from space (Kahney, A Search). Supposedly, anyone is able toparticipate by running a free program that downloads and analyzes radiotelescope data. The philosophy behind this is that the majority of the SETIprojects in existence today build large computers that analyze the datacollected from the telescopes in real time. Apparently, none of the computershave the capacity to look at the signals too deeply, and the weakest signals aremissed. SETI programs could never afford the type of computer power need toanalyze both the strongest and weakest signals, so the SETI team came up withthe idea to let individuals at home help t hem out. The SETI @home project simplyuses a small screen saver program that has the ability to download bits ofinformation from the SETI @home web site and can analyze that date and reportthe data back. (Hipschma, The Problem). However, a small glitch has beenfound in this process. Volunteers who are downloading and analyzing theinformation are wasting CPU cycles by processing data that has already beenscanned. The SETI @home team regrettably announced that due to the overwhelmingresponse by volunteers, the lack of storage space and manpower, they areprocessing the same 115 blocks of information from a two-day period in January. The World of Culinary Arts EssayOr perhaps we will never know. It is the fear of the unknown that drives many ofthe researches onward into the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence, andhopefully one day, all this hard work will pay off!Bibliography1. Heidmann, Jean. Extraterrestrial Intelligence. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1992. 2. Jakosky, Bruce. The Search for Life on Other Planets. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 3. Kahney, Leander. A Search forIntelligent Searchers. Wired News (1999). 29 January 2000 *http://www.nitehawk.com/rasmit/*. 4. Hipschma, Ron. The Problem Mountains of Data. How SETI @Home Works(1999). 29 January 2000 http://www.nitehawk.com/rasmit/. 5. Project Omar.SETI Institute. 1999. SETI Institute. 28 January 2000 http://www.seti.org/science/ozma.html. 6. History of SETI. SETI Institute. 1999. SETI Institute. 29 January 2000http://www.seti.org/general/history.html. 7. The Optical SETI Resource forPlanet Earth. The Columbus Optical SETI Observatory. 1999. ColumbusObservatory. 27 January 2000 http://www.coseti.org/. 8. Ward, Peter. Interviewwith Lori Stokes. The Debate Over Life Beyond Earth. MSNBC. 10 Feb. 2000.

Mathematics of Investment Questionnaire Essay Example

Mathematics of Investment Questionnaire Essay John has $20,000 to invest. He invests part of his money at an annual interest rate of 6%, the rest at 9% annual rate. The return on these two investments over one year is $1,440. How much does he invest at each rate? Solution ? Paul made two investments totaling $15,000. The percentage return on the first investment was 7% annually, while the the percentage return on the second one was 10% annually. If the total return on the two investments over one year was $1,350, how much was invested at each rate? ? Ben invested $30,000, part of which at 5% annual interest rate, the rest at 9% annual interest rate. The interest earned from the investments was $2,100 at the end of one year. How much did he invest at each rate? Solution ? Jason invested $20,000 for one year, Part of his money was invested at an annual interest rate of 6%, the rest at an annual interest rate of 10%. If his total income from the two investments over one year was $1,700, how much was invested at each rate? ? Jane had $20,000 to invest for one year. She deposited part of which into an account paying 5% annual interest. the rest into another account paying 8% annual interest. If the total interest earned at the end of one year was $1,390, how much was invested at each account? ? A total of $18,000 was invested for 6 months, part at 4% annual interest rate and part at 7% annual interest rate. The total interest earned over the 6 month period was $450, how much was invested at each rate? Solution ? $12,000 was invested for three months. Part of which was invested at 6% annual interest rate and the rest at 10% annual interest rate. If the total income for three months from the investments was $240, how much was invested at each rate? Sue has $15,000 to invest for 5 months, part at 6% annual rate, the rest at 10% annual rate. If the total interest earned at the end of five months is $450, how much was invested at each rate? 1. Lisa requires additional income to meet her everyday expenses. She has $30,000 to invest. To generate the required additional income, the annual return rate has to be 6%. She deposits part of her capital into an account paying 4% per ye ar, and invest the rest in stocks earning 10% per year. How much does she need to invest at each rate? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics of Investment Questionnaire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics of Investment Questionnaire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics of Investment Questionnaire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To balance risk and return on his investment, Ben invests part of his money in an low risk, low return bank saving account paying 5% per year, the rest in high risk, high return stocks earning 15% per year. To achieve the goal of a 12% annual return on $24,000 investment, how much does he need to invest at each rate? 3. Sue has invested $12,000 at an annual interest rate of 6%. To realize an annual return of 8% on her investment, how much more funds must she invest at an annual rate of 12%? 4. Paul deposited $21,000 into his bank saving account paying 5% per year. How much additional funds must he invest at 10% annually so that the annual return on his total investment is 7%? 5. Joe made two investments. She earned 8% annually on her first investment, but lost 12% annually on her second investment. If her total investment was $15,000, and the total income was $240 for one year, how much money was allocated to each investment? 6. Allan made two investments totaling $20,000. He earned 5% annually on his first investment, but lost 10% annually on his second investment. If the net loss was $140 for one year, how much money was allocated to each investment? 7. Jan made two investments. She made a 7% profit on her first investment, but lost 10% annually on her second investment. If her total investment was $16,000, and the total income was $100, how much money was allocated to each investment? 8. Paul made two investments totaling $25,000. He made a profit of 6% on his first investment, but made a loss of 10% on his second investment. If the net loss was $260, how much money was allocated to each investment? 9. Ben invests 30% of his total funds at 5% annual rate, the rest at 8% annual rate. If his total income for one year is $625, how much does he invest at each rate? 10. Ben invests 30% of his total funds at 5% annual rate, 40% at 6% annual rate, the rest at 8% annual rate. If his total income for one year is $560, how much does he invest at each rate? 11. ? Ben invests 30% of his total funds at 5% annual rate, the rest at 8% annual rate. If his total income for one year is $639, how much does he invest at each rate? Solution 12. ? Ben invests 30% of his total funds at 5% annual rate, 40% at 6% annual rate, the rest at 8% annual rate. If his total income for one year is $630, how much does he invest at each rate? Solution 13. ? A certain amount of money is to be invested for a period of one year. The amount of money invested at 6% per year is twice as much as the amount invested at 9% per year. If the income for one year is $1680, how much is invested at each rate? Solution 14. ? Jeff has some money to invest for one year. The amount of money invested at 5% per year is $5,000 more than that invested at 8% per year. The interest earned is $1,160. How much does he invest at each rate? Solution 15. ? One third of the funds is invested at an annual interest rate of 4%, the rest at 6% annual rate. If the income for one year is $480, how much is invested at each rate? 16. The ratio of the the amount of money invested at 6% annual rate to the amount invested at 9% is 2 : 5. If the total income for one year is $570, how much is invested at each rate? 17. ? A certain amount of money is to be invested for one year. The amount of money invested at 6% per year is $2,000 more than twice the amount invested at 9% per year. If the income for one year is $1,800, how much is invested at each rate? 18. ? John has some money to invest, the amount of money invested at 5% per year is $3,000 less than three times the amount invested at 9% per year. If the income for one year is $1,050, how much is invested at each rate? Jason invested a total of $20,000 for one year, Part of which was invested at an annual interest rate of 6%, the rest at an annual interest rate of 10%. If the return on the 10% investment is $400 more than the return on the 6% investment, how much was invested at each rate? ? Ben made two investments totaling $17,000. The percentage return on the first investment was 7% annually, while the the percentage return on the second one was 10% annually. If the return on the 7% investment was $340 less than the return on the 10% investment, how much was invested at each rate? ? John has $14,000 to invest. He invests part of his money at an annual interest rate of 6%, the rest at 9% annual rate. The return on the 6% investment is twice as much as the return on the 9% investment,. How much does he invest at each rate? ? Jane had $30,000 to invest for one year. She deposited part of the money into an account paying 5% interest annually. the rest into another account paying 8% interest annually. If return on the 5% investment was $1,400 less than three times the return on the 8% investment, how much was invested at each account? ? Ben invests 30% of his total funds at 5% annual rate, the rest at 8% nnual rate. If the return on the 8% investment is $82 more than the return on the 5% investment, how much does he invest at each rate? ? A certain amount of money is to be invested for a period of one year. The amount of money invested at 6% per year is twice as much as the amount invested at 9% per year. If the return on the 6% investment is $150 more than the return on the 9% investment,, how much is invested at each rate? ? Jeff has some money to invest for one year. The amount of money invested at 5% per year is $5,000 more than that invested at 8% per year. If the return on the 5% investment is $200 less than the return on the 8% investment, how much does he invest at each rate? 1. ? The ratio of the the amount of money invested at 6% annual rate to the amount invested at 9% is 3 : 5. The return on the 9% investment is $216 more than twice the return on the 6% investment. How much is invested at each rate? 2. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES of problems that lead to simultaneous equations. 3. Example 1. 1000 tickets were sold. Adult tickets cost $8. 50, childrens cost $4. 50, and a total of $7300 was collected. How many tickets of each kind were sold? 4. Solution. Let x be the number of adult tickets. Let y be the number of childrens tickets. 5. Always let x and y answer the question and be perfectly clear about what they represent! 6. Now there are two unknowns. Therefore there must be two equations. (In general, the number of equations must equal the number of unknowns. )   How can we get two equations out of the given information? 1)   | Total number of tickets:| x | +| y| =| 1000| | 2)   | Total money collected:| 8. 5x | +| 4. 5y| =| 7300| 7. In equation 2), let us make the coefficients into whole numbers by multiplying both sides of the equation by 10: 1)   | x | +| y| =| 1000| 2)   | 85x | +| 45y| =| 73,000| 8. We call the second equation 2 (2 prime) to show that we obtained it from equation 2). 9. These simultaneous equations are solved in the usual way. 10. The solutions are:    x = 700,   y = 300. 11. To see the answer, pass your mouse over the colored area. To cover the answer again, click Refresh (Reload). Do the prob lem yourself first! 12. Example 2. Mrs. B. invested $30,000; part at 5%, and part at 8%. The total interest on the investment was $2,100. How much did she invest at each rate? 13. Solution. 1)   | Total investment:| x | +| y| =| 30,000| | )   | Total interest| . 05x | +| . 08y| =| 2,100| 14. (To change a percent to a decimal, see Skill in Arithmetic, Lesson 3. ) 15. Again, in equation 2) let us make the coefficients whole numbers by multiplying both sides of the equation by 100: 1)   | x | +| y| =| 30,000| | 2)   | 5x | +| 8y| =| 210,000| 16. These are the simultaneous equations to solve. 17. The solutions are:    x = $10,000,   y = $20,000. 18. Problem 1. Samantha has 30 coins, quarters and dimes, which total $5. 70. How many of each does she have? 19. To see the answer, pass your mouse from left to right over the colored area. To cover the answer again, click Refresh (Reload). Do the problem yourself first! 20. Let x be the number of quarters. Let y be the number of dimes. 21. The equations are: 1)   | Total number of coins:| x| +| y| =| 30| | 2)   | Total value:| . 25x| +| . 10y| =| 5. 70| 22. To eliminate y: 23. Multiply equation 1) by ? 10   and equation 2) by 100: 1)   | ? 10x| ?| 10y| =| ? 300| | 2)   | 25x| +| 10y| =| 570| | Add:| | | 15x|   |   | =| 270| | |   |   |   x| =| 270 15| | |   |   |   x| =| 18| 24. Therefore,   y = 30 ? 18 = 12. 25. Example 3. Mixture problem 1. First: 26. 36 gallons of a 25% alcohol solution 27. eans:   25%, or one quarter, of the solution is pure alcohol. 28. One quarter of 36 is 9. That solution contains 9 gallons of pure alcohol. 29. Here is the problem: 30. How many gallons of 30% alcohol solution   and how many of 60% alcohol solution must be mixed   to produce 18 gallons of 50% solution? 31. 18 gallons of 50% solution means:   50 %, or half, is pure alcohol. The final solution, then, will have 9 gallons of pure alcohol. 32. Let x be the number of gallons of 30% solution. Let y be the number of gallons of 60% solution. 1)   | Total number of gallons| x | +| y| =| 18| | 2)   | Gallons of pure alcohol| . x | +| . 6y| =| 9| | 2)   |   | 3x | +| 6y| =| 90| 33. Equations 1) and 2) are the two equations in the two unknowns. 34. The solutions are:    x = 6 gallons,   y = 12 gallons. 35. Example 4. Mixture problem 2. A saline solution is 20% salt. How much water must you add to how much saline solution, in order to dilute it to 8 gallons of 15% solution? 36. (This is more an arithmetic problem than an algebra problem. ) 37. Solution. Let s be the number of gallons of saline solution. Now all the salt will come from those s gallons. So the question is, What is s so that 20% of s the salt will be 15% of 8 gallons? 8. .2s = . 15 ? 8 = 1. 2 39. That is, 40. 2s = 12. 41. s = 6. 42. Therefore, to 6 gallons of saline solution you must add 2 gallons of water. 43. Example 5. Upstream/Downstream problem. It takes 3 hours for a boat to travel 27 miles upstream. The same boat can travel 30 miles downstream in 2 hours. Find the speeds of the boat and the current. 44. Solution. Let x be the speed of the boat (without a current). Let y be the speed of the current. 45. The student might review the meanings of upstream and downstream,   Lesson 25. We saw there that speed, or velocity, is distance divided by time: v| =| d | 46. Therefore, according to the problem: Upstream speed| =| Upstream distance Upstream time| =| 27 3| =| 9| | Downstream speed| =| Downstream distance Downstream time| =| 30 2| =| 15| 47. Here are the equations: 1)   | Upstream speed:| x | ? | y| =| 9| | | 2)   | Downstream speed:  | x | +| y| =| 15| 48. Enjoy! 49. (The solutions are:    x = 12 mph,   y = 3 mph. ) 50. Word problems that lead to simultaneous equations 51. Section 2 52. Back to Section 1 53. Problem 2. A total of 925 tickets were sold for $5,925. If adult tickets cost $7. 50, and childrens tickets cost $3. 0, how many tickets of each kind were sold? (Compare Example 1. ) 54. To see the answer, pass your mouse over the colored area. To cover the answer again, click Refresh (Reload). Do the problem yourself first! 55. Let x be  the number of adult tickets. Let y be the number of childerens tickets. 56. Here are the equations: 1)   | Total number of tickets:| x | +| y| =| 925| 2)   | Total money collected:| 7. 5x | +| 3y| =| 5,925| 57. In equation 2), make the coefficients into whole numbers by multiplying both sides of the equation by 10: 1)   | x | +| y| =| 925| 2)   | 75x | +| 30y| =| 59,250| 8. To eliminate y, for example: 59. Multiply equation 1) by ? 30, and add. 60. The solution is:    x = 700,   y = 225. 61. Problem 3. Mr. B. has $20,000 to invest. He invests part at 6%, the rest at 7%, and he earns $1,280 interest. How much did he invest at each rate? (Compare Example 2. ) 62. Let x be  how much he inveted at 6%. Let y be how much he inveted at 7%. 63. Here are the equations: 1)   | Total investment:| x | +| y| =| 20,000| 2)   | Total interest:| . 06x | +| . 07y| =| 1,280| 2)   |   | 6x | +| 7y| =| 128,000| 64. To eliminate x, for example, from equations 1) and 2): 65. Multiply equation 1) by ? 6, and add. 66. The solution is:    x = $12,000. y = $8,000. 67. Problem 4. Edgar has 20 dimes and nickels, which together total $1. 40. How many of each does he have? (Compare Problem 1. ) 68. Let x be  the number of dimes. Let y be be the number of nickels. 69. Here are the equations: 1)   | Total number of coins:| x | +| y| =| 20| 2)   | Total value:| . 10x | +| . 05y| =| 1. 40| 2)   |   | 10x | +| 5y| =| 140| 70. To eliminate x, for example, from equations 1) and 2), multiply equation 1) by ? 10, and add. 71. The solution is:    x = 8 dimes. y = 12 nickels. 72. Problem 5. How many gallons of 20% alcohol solution   and how many of 50% alcohol solution must be mixed   to produce 9 gallons of 30% alcohol solution? (Compare Example 3. ) 73. (9 gallons of 30% alcohol solution = . 3 ? 9 = 2. 7 gallons of pure alcohol. ) 74. Let x be  the number of gallons of 20% solution. Let y be the number of gallons of 50% solution. 75. Here are the equations: 1)   | Total number of gallons:| x | +| y| =| 9| 2)   | Total gallons of pure alcohol:| . 2x | +| . 5y| =| 2. 7| 2)   |   | 2x | +| 5y| =| 27| 76. To eliminate x, for example, from equations 1) and 2), multiply equation 1) by ? , and add. 77. The solution is:    x = 6 gallons. y = 3 gallons. 78. Problem 6. 15 gallons of 16% disenfectant solution is to be made from 20% and 14% solutions. How much of those solutions should be used? 79. (15 gallons of 16% solution = . 16 ? 15 = 2. 4 gallons of pure disenfectant. ) 80. Let x be  the number of gallons of 20% solution. Let y be  the number of gallons of 14% solution. 81. Here are the equations: 1)| Total number of gallons:| x | +| y| =| 15| 2)| Total gallons of pure disenfectant:  | . 20x | +| . 14y| =| 2. 4| 2)|   | 20x | +| 14y| =| 240| 82. To eliminate x, for example, from equations 1) and 2), multiply equation 1) by ? 20, and add. 83. The solution is:    x = 5 gallons. y = 10 gallons. 84. Problem 7. It takes a boat 2 hours to travel 24 miles downstream   and 3 hours to travel 18 miles upstream. What is the speed of the boat in still water, and how fast is the current? (Compare Example 4. ) 85. Let x be  the speed of the boat in still water. Let y be  the speed of the current. 86. Here are the equations: 1)   | Downstream speed:  | x | +| y| =| 24 2| =| 12| 2)   | Upstream speed:| x | ? | y| =| 18 3| =| 6| 87. To eliminate y, simply add the equations. 88. The solution is:    x = 9 mph. y = 3 mph. 89. Problem 8. An airplane covers a distance of 1500 miles in 3 hours when it flies with the wind, and in 3| 1 3|   hours when it flies against the| 90. wind. What is the speed of the plane in still air? (Compare Example 4. ) 91. Let x be  the speed of the plane in still air. Let y be  the speed of the wind. 92. Here are the equations: 1)   | Speed with the wind:| x | +| y| =| 1500 3|    =   500| 2)   | Speed against the wind 😠 x | ? | y| =| | 93. To eliminate y, simply add the equations. 94. The solution is:    x = 475 mph.

102 Week 9 Journal Response Professor Ramos Blog

102 Week 9 Journal Response This week we will be learning about monster theory. For the journal, look for something related to monsters, or the theory we are talking about. It can be a Halloween post, or it could be related to a movie, book, show, etc. Get creative. Whatever text you choose, try to connect it to our monster theory. How is it connected? What reminded you of the theory? Requirements are still the same. About 250 words, summary and response to the article/tweet/post/news/etc; aka text. Comment below with a link to the text and your summary and response. 102 Week 9 Journal Response Week of 7/30/2018 – 8/3/2018 We are finishing up Monster Theory and causality. See if you can find an article that you can use for your essay on either monsters or causality. You can also write about anything that reminds you of the class and discussion. Requirements. 250 word summary and response to the article/post/news/etc; aka text. Comment below with a link to the text and your summary/response.

The Cholera Epidemic of 1832

The Cholera Epidemic of 1832 The cholera epidemic of 1832 killed thousands of people in Europe and North America and created mass panic across two continents. Astoundingly, when the epidemic struck New York City it prompted as many as 100,000 people, nearly half the citys population, to flee to the countryside. The arrival of the disease prompted widespread anti-immigrant feeling, as it seemed to flourish in poor neighborhoods populated by new arrivals to America. The movement of the disease across continents and countries was tracked closely, yet how it was transmitted was barely understood. And people were understandably terrified by horrific symptoms which seemed to  afflict  victims instantly. Someone who woke up healthy could suddenly become violently ill, have their skin turn a ghastly bluish tint, become severely dehydrated, and die within hours. It would not be until the late 19th century that scientists knew for certain that cholera was caused by a bacillus carried in water  and that proper sanitation could prevent the spread of the deadly disease. Cholera Moved From India to Europe Cholera had made its first 19th-century appearance in India, in 1817. A medical text published in 1858, A Treatise On the Practice of Medicine by George B. Wood, M.D., described how it spread through most of Asia and the Middle East throughout the 1820s. By 1830 it was reported in Moscow, and the following year the epidemic had reached Warsaw, Berlin, Hamburg, and the northern reaches of England. In early 1832 the disease struck London, and then Paris. By April 1832, more than 13,000 people in Paris had died as a result. And by early June 1832 news of the epidemic had crossed the Atlantic, with Canadian cases reported on June 8, 1832, in Quebec and June 10, 1832, in Montreal. The disease spread along two distinct pathways into the United States, with reports in the Mississippi Valley in the summer of 1832, and the first case documented in New York City on June 24, 1832. Other cases were reported in Albany, New York, and in Philadelphia and Baltimore. The cholera epidemic, at least in the United States, passed fairly quickly, and within two years it was over. But during its visit to America, there was widespread panic and considerable suffering and death. Choleras Puzzling Spread Though the cholera epidemic could be followed on a map, there was little understanding of how it spread. And that caused considerable fear. When Dr. George B. Wood wrote two decades after the 1832 epidemic he eloquently described the way cholera seemed unstoppable: No barriers are sufficient to obstruct its progress. It crosses mountains, deserts, and oceans. Opposing winds do not check it. All classes of persons, male and female, young and old, the robust and the feeble, are exposed to its assault; and even those whom it has once visited are not always subsequently exempt; yet as a general rule it selects its victims preferably from among those already pressed down by the various miseries of life and leaves the rich and prosperous to their sunshine and their fears. The comment about how the rich and prosperous were relatively protected from cholera sounds like antiquated snobbery. However, since the disease was carried in the water supply, people living in cleaner quarters and more affluent neighborhoods were definitely less likely to become infected. Cholera Panic in New York City In early 1832, citizens of New York City had known the disease might strike, as they were reading reports about deaths in London, Paris, and elsewhere. But as the disease was so poorly understood, little was done to prepare. By the end of June, when cases were being reported in the poorer districts of the city, a prominent citizen and former mayor of New York,  Philip Hone, wrote about the crisis in his diary: This dreadful disease increases fearfully; there are eighty-eight new cases today, and twenty-six deaths. Our visitation is severe but thus far it falls much short of other places. St. Louis on the Mississippi is likely to be depopulated, and Cincinnati on the Ohio is awfully scourged. These two flourishing cities are the resort of emigrants from Europe; Irish and Germans coming by Canada, New York, and New Orleans, filthy, intemperate, unused to the comforts of life and regardless of its proprieties. They flock to the populous towns of the great West, with disease contracted on shipboard, and increased by bad habits on shore. They inoculate the inhabitants of those beautiful cities, and every paper we open is only a record of premature mortality. The air seems to be corrupted, and indulgence in things heretofore innocent is frequently fatal now in these cholera times. Hone was not alone in assigning blame for the disease. The cholera epidemic was often blamed on immigrants, and nativist groups like the Know-Nothing Party would occasionally revive fear of disease as a reason to restrict immigration. In New York City the fear of disease became so prevalent that many thousands of people actually fled the city. Out of a population of about 250,000 people, it is believed that at least 100,000 left the city during the summer of 1832. The steamboat line owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt made handsome profits carrying New Yorkers up the Hudson River, where they rented any available rooms in local villages. By the end of the summer, the epidemic seemed to be over. But more than 3,000 New Yorkers had died. Legacy of the 1832 Cholera Epidemic While the exact cause of cholera would not be determined for decades, it was clear that cities needed to have clean sources of water. In New York City, a push was made to construct what would become a reservoir system which, by the mid-1800s, would be supplying the city with safe water. Two years after the initial outbreak, cholera was reported again, but it did not reach the level of the 1832 epidemic. And other outbreaks of cholera would emerge in various locations, but the epidemic of 1832 was always remembered as, to quote Philip Hone, the cholera times.

IT managment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT managment - Case Study Example Consumer goods for such markets are transportation, construction, packaging, electricity, machinery, engineering and other equipments. The company does not fall under the category of â€Å"product/ service differentiator†, â€Å"responsible solution provider† or â€Å"new capability enabler.† At Alcan, the current organizing model is decentralized. Every business group competes independently having its own strategic IT plan, infrastructure choices, IT application and services, and each group has its own IT organization, which pursues its objectives which are based on group’s need and orientation (Hoving & van Bon, 2008). The group’s activities are diversified and over the years, the culture of autonomy has been reinforced by mergers and acquisitions. The expense on IT is between $275 to $300 million (Dube, Bernier and Roy, 2009), which includes the cost of consulting, the cost of fragmented systems, infrastructure and resources. The IT costs are documented at several levels- at the local level and within the same business group. As the IT human resource does not report to the same IT unit, the results come in a wide range of methods, and certain operating expenses are not recorded as IT expenses. No overall architecture existed in the company for IT applications. The supply strategies were used for project delivery, application management and there was no consolidated overview for the needs and requests as the competencies of groups were not aligned with the current projects. Moreover, there was no option but to opt for outside expertise. The IT management architecture was highly complex, diversified and fragmented. There were over 1000 information systems and more than 400 handled financial data. The information system was made up of 60 resources distributed in 5 different cities. The first was SAP oriented, which focused on the needs of former Pechiney, and there were

The Heineken Marketing Dispute Over Product Cost Essay - 2

The Heineken Marketing Dispute Over Product Cost - Essay Example Heineken refused to supply Forty Foot, a newly owned pub of Wetherspoon’s. Heineken could lose a lot of profits if it ends its relationship with the pub chains of Ireland. Wetherspoon’s chain is well known for selling food and drinks at cheap prices in the UK. It’s an entry into the Irish market would mean that competition would increase and prices would be driven down; Heineken is not happy with this, so it has demanded its distributors in Ireland including Wetherspoon’s and Dublin to sell its products at high prices (Pogatchnik 2014). Wetherspoon’s has a plan of opening 30 pubs in Ireland by buying failed businesses in the country as an entry strategy. This article is relevant to the concept of marketing channels. The types of marketing channels are direct selling, selling through intermediaries, dual distribution, and reverse channels. The method used by Heineken in this article is the dual distribution mechanism whereby the company uses more than one channel simultaneously in the same market. For example, Heineken sells to Whetherspoon’s and Duplin at the same time to reach the market of Ireland. The concept of marketing channels suggests that the dual distribution channel may cause conflict among channels (Venugopal 2001, p.67). This is what happened with Heineken as some of its distributors rejected its products. The company also utilizes intermediaries and agents to sell its products which involve Manufacturer-Agent-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer. This marketing channel is used to reach the market indirectly to target markets (Venugopal 2001, p.130). For example, Heineken sells to the market through pubs such as Duplin and Whetherspoon’s which in turn sell to retailers or sell directly to consumers.

Macy Brand Essay Example for Free

Macy Brand Essay 1. Macy’s is one of very few brands in the retail business that can credibly be called an icon, and the flagship store in New York and the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade are considered a commercial and cultural legacies. Since some years ago Macy’s Inc. has undertaken an extensive effort to transform Macy’s from a regional to a national brand, redefining itself. Macy’s national branding strategy is offering a more localized, personalized retail customer experience. My Macy’s is a sweeping initiative designed to embed a customer-centric orientation into every aspect of the company’s operations, and it reflects the way Macy’s wants its customers to view their personalized relationship with the company every time they interact with the brand. Macy’s believes that the aim is consistency and the key is data. To implement the kind of customer-centricity envisioned a customer data strategy was a prerequisite. So was needed to consolidate the various data repositories that had accumulated from predecessor companies, and for realizing the foundational importance of this work on a long-term macys.com need to turn to IBM to provide guidance and tools. To finish the virtually transformation macys.com worked to put in place the architectural elements needed for a 360 degree view of its customers to support a strategy of multichannel integration. 2. Considering this IT implementation Macy’s is able to know customer’s preferences and create dynamically customizes recommendations or personalized promotions and these information established a deeper level of engagement between the customers and the brand, the customer loyalty, wallet share and the sales will increase. This implementation improved the decision making and optimized the distribution center. All these benefits had make Macys’ a much more customer-centric company. 3. A data strategy was a pre-requisite towards Macy’s multichannel model to Macys’ be able to become more customer-centric. This mean, it was needed to capture customer data to enable Macys’ to interact on a more personal level with its customers. So all the previous customer’s data and a 360-degree view of the customer will personalize and enrich the customer experience in the company. To get all the information from previous data and from the 360-degree view of the customer, Macys’ turned to IBM and they provide IBMÂ  InfoSphere Information Server platform and IBM InfoSphere DataStage to integrate the multiple sources of customer data, they also provide IBM InfoSphere QualityStage to ensure that all data can be trusted and finally they provide IBM InfoSphere Warehouse Enterprise Edition to macys.com be capable to get data warehouse framework for real-time analytics. 4. To understand if this information system is strategic for the company I will do a 5 Forces of Porter analysis. According with the benefits of the IT implementation Macys’ customers will become more loyal at the brand what will minimize the bargaining power of the buyers. Working with IBM made Macys’ able to understand the evolving business needs to take the right decisions on technology and architecture, what make Macys’ more flexible to changes, and that will decrease the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of suppliers and the threat of new entrance. With all the powerless 4 forces will influence rivalry decreasing it. To conclude, all the 5 forces have no influence on Macys’ strategy what means that this information system is strategic for the company. 5. Â  To transform Macys’ from regional to a national brand and become a more customer-centric company was need to transform in scope, the physical, logistical and organizational dimensions. According with The Venkatraman model Macys’ has achieve revolutionary levels being at the Business Scope Redefinition Degree Transformation.

The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of Freedom Essay -- essays research

The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of Freedom There are many ways to describe what freedom is; in fact Webster’s dictionary offers nine different explanations of what the word means. â€Å"A right or the power to engage in certain actions without control or interference,† is one of the most ubiquitous definitions. There are many ways to describe freedom and American history has portrayed it in very contradictory manners. In the late 1700’s, it was very obvious that America’s forefathers sought freedom as they based their revolution on the principal of emancipation but it was only a short while later that the freedoms of others within the country were being inhibited by slavery. Slavery inhibits civil liberties and in a land of equal opportunity, such as America, needed to be removed. Freedom and slavery have always been closely related but the issues that surround the terms have been handled very differently by the leaders of the nation. Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the USA, is a key fi gure against the oppression of people and an activist in the struggle to remove slavery and gain freedom for all. Freedom is an antonym of slavery. After years of fighting to gain independence and essentially freedom from the King of England, America became a slave endorsing entity. This era of American history is a bit of a paradox, why would people fight so hard for justice just to take away the freedoms of another people? In the United States, Slavery existed primarily in the southern states. In 1800, there were nearly 900,000 slaves in the U.S. only 40,000 of which were in the Northern states. It was in the south where large plantation owners bought people to perform grueling manual labor. These dark skinned people were literally worked to death on many occasions and rarely saw any form of retribution from their owners. Men, women and children alike had their civil liberties ripped from them at birth and were treated like misused animals for all of their lives. Many people believed that this treatment of African Americans was inhumane but sadly did not act to stop the brutal imprisonment. Many of society’s earliest leaders â€Å"regarded slavery as evil and inconsistent with the principles of the Declaration of Independence.† However they hesitated to take political action to prohibit the enslaving of people because many southerners saw the ownership of slaves was... ...tizens all within its borders. The suppression of one person’s rights while another is allowed to take advantage of those lost liberties no longer has a place in this world. Abraham Lincoln ensured an undivided country and abolished its reason for separation by reinstating the true meaning of the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln guaranteed freedom and justice to all of this country’s citizens as his forefathers who led the American Revolution had intended. Works Cited: Cox, LaWanda C. Fenlason. Lincoln and black freedom : a study in presidential leadership. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1981. â€Å"Liberty," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation.  © 1993-1998 â€Å"Lincoln, Abraham," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation.  © 1993-1998 â€Å"Slavery in the United States.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation.  © 1993-1998 The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth Edition Houghton Mifflin Company:  © 2000 Wightman Richard Fox, and James T. Kloppenberg, eds. A Companion to American Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1995.

Education: Bachelor’s Degree and English Course Essay

What do your parents do? How much money they can earn per year? My parents are working in a coal corporation in China. They can earn 400 thousand Yuan per year. 3. Who will support your study in UK? My parents pay for part of my expenditure in UK, I also have some saving. 4. How much money have you prepared for your study? 500 thousand Yuan. 5. How much is the tuition fee for your English course and your master course? The tuition fee of my English course is That of my master course is 6. Why do you choose UK to study? Uk has colorful culture and beautiful nature senery. And its education is very good. 7. Why do you choose INTO UEA to study the English course? I think that the INTO UEA can promote my English level. 8. What are you going to do in the UK? I want to study in Newcastle University for my master degree. 9. Which university are you going to study in the UK? Newcastle university. 10. How long will you stay in the UK? 1 year / as soon as I get my degree , I will be back. 11. Where is the university? Newcastle †¦ 12. What are you going to study? International Marketing. 13. Please state the length of the course? 1 year 14. What is the start date and finish date for the course? 15. How many hours per week? 16. What will you learn for your course? What is the specific curriculum? 17. What is your purpose to study this course? 18. How do you know this university? 19. 6 9 What will you do between June to September? 20. When did you graduate from your university? 21. What did you do after you graduated from the university? After I graduated from university, I worked in Beijing university of post and telecommunication and prepared the Newcastle University application. 22. Why do you want to study English course in the UK after graduation? I think I can 23. What will you do after you finish the English course? 24. What is your master course? 25. What is the start date and finish date for the master course? 26. What will you learn for your master course? What is the specific curriculum? 27. Why did you withdraw your visa last time? 28. Why did you change your study plan? 29. What are you going to do after you graduate from the university? 30. Where would you like to work? China or UK? Why? 31. What are you planning to do in the future? 32. When/where did you get your Bachelor degree? I got my bachelor degree in century college of Beijing university of post and telecommunication. 33. What is your major? My major is computer science and technology. 34. , Please state the exam date and scores for your two IELTS exams. 4. 27 6.

Importance Of The Perception Of Customer Service Quality

The impression customers receive when they are paying for a service is very important. Rather than judging the quality of the goods, or the cost of the item, the customer can only base their opinion of a service on the way the service makes them feel and the effectiveness of the service. There are potentially 7 gaps where customer service quality can be affected within a service organization. It is therefore highly important that management of service industry employees are aware of these potential pitfalls and manage their employees to mitigate these problems.There is a Knowledge Gap where management must understand the level of knowledge the customer has, and define this properly. Once management has this understanding, they must develop standards for employees to ensure a high level of service quality. The gap between management understanding and the translation to standards is called the Standards Gap. However, the creation of standards by management does not necessarily translat e into the customer service reps communicating with the customer properly. This is called the Delivery Gap.These gaps can all be linked together under a framework of Internal Communications gaps. At the end of these internal processes, the customer receives the service product. At this point in time, the perception of the customer can be different than the perception of the customer service representative. The representative may think they are offering high quality service, but the customer perceives it negatively. This is called the Perception Gap. Additionally, the customer will be presented with promotional materials and communications from the company.The perception of these materials may not match what the company believes it is communicating. This is called the Interpretation Gap. These two culminating gaps ultimately link together to create the overall Service Gap. This gap is a culmination of potential differences throughout the process. If a company is experiencing low leve ls of customer satisfaction, it is imperative to work back through the gaps to find where the problem may be occurring. A good example is the car insurance service industry.In the area of insurance, the typical consumer will not understand the finer details of insurance – what premiums are, what deductibles are, and the varying types of additional coverage that can be purchased. Management might assume that the customer knows more than they do, or less than they do. This would be part of the knowledge gap. The processes they develop for service representative would not meet customers' needs very well. This would result in an overall service gap.However, if management can understand the knowledge needs of the customer, they can potentially increase sales, as the customer may come to realize that they need more in an insurance package than just the basics they were first considering. If the customer service quality is excellent from the beginning, the insurance company is able to attract a new customer, as well as increasing profits for the company from that one customer. Additionally, the company may think that since they are following internal procedures, their customer service quality is excellent.However, the company must watch its customer retention rates. If it finds that it is loosing customers, it must find out why. It is probably due to an interpretation or perception gap. Perhaps the printed material does not appeal to the target audience. Or perhaps the language the service representatives are using does not meet the customers' expectations. In either case, the overall service quality will decrease. It is therefore very important that the company constantly evaluates its level of customer satisfaction and revises its internal processes to meet customers' needs.

The Socialite club logo and brochure design

The Socialite club logo and brochure design Introduction Most desktop publishing applications have a common design area with a toolbox that contains various tools like the shape, text, animation tools among others (Adobe Creative Team 2010; Cohen 2010). These tools are used together with texture and colour palettes to develop and colour publications. The designer can also choose from a set of themes that have consistent colour mixtures and patterns and accompanying font types, sizes and colours.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Socialite club logo and brochure design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Socialite club logo picture The Socialite club logo picture is shown below. Each element was created individually using the text, colour, and shaping tools from the Indesign palette. The text was aligned to curves and fitted into the circular shapes. After assembling the text and shapes into the desired logo design shown below the elements are then grou ped together. The Socialite Club brochure was created using a c-fold type (Hadock et al. 2011). The screens shots below show the front and reverse sides of the brochure. The brochure paper size is A4 with a landscape orientation. Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Adobe Creative Team 2010, Adobe InDesign CS5 classroom in a book, Adobe Press, San Jose. Cohen, S 2010, InDesign CS5 for Macintosh and Windows: Visual QuickStart guide, Peachpit Press, Berkley. Hadock, S, Hicks, A, Barnum, A Oppen, F 2011, Graphic design Australian style manual, McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, Australia.

Field Technician - A First Job in Archaeology

Field Technician - A First Job in Archaeology A Field Technician, or Archaeological Field Technician, is an entry-level paying position in archaeology. A Field Technician performs archaeological survey and excavation, under the supervision of a Principal Investigator, Field Supervisor, or Crew Chief. These jobs are known by a wide variety of names, including Field Hand, Field Archaeologist, Natural Resource Technician I, Archaeologist/Technician, Field Technician, US Government 29023 Archeological Technician I, and Assistant Archaeologist. Duties An archaeological field technician performs duties associated with pedestrian surveys as well as hand excavation (shovel testing, bucket auger testing, 1x1 meter units, test trenches) of archaeological sites. Field technicians may be asked to take detailed field notes, draw sketch maps, excavate archaeological features, bag artifacts, record provenience of the finds, use a Munsell soil chart, take photographs, use computer software programs (Microsoft ® Word, Excel and Access are typical), and at all times maintain client confidentiality. Some amount of physical labor is generally required, such as manually removing brush or vegetation, and carrying and maintaining tools and equipment. Field technicians may need to navigate with a compass and topographic map, help run a total station to create topographic maps, or learn digital mapping with using GPS/GIS. Job Type and Availability Kansas Archeology Training Program Field School. Mark Reinstein / Corbis via Getty Image Entry level jobs are usually short-term temporary positions; they dont usually come with insurance or benefits, although there are exceptions. Typically, a field technician is hired by a  firm that conducts archaeological work related to cultural resource management (or heritage management) in many different states or countries. Those firms maintain a list of field technicians and send out notices when projects are coming up: projects which can last for a few days or years. The long-term positions are rare; field techs rarely work full time and most are seasonal employees. Archaeological projects are conducted over the world, mostly led by cultural resource firms (or cultural resource arms of engineering companies), universities, museums, or governmental agencies. The jobs are fairly numerous, but require the technician to travel far from home and stay in the field for extended periods of time. Education / Experience Level Required This pile of excavation equipment is waiting for the next field trip. Kris Hirst (c) 2006 At a minimum, field technicians need a Bachelors degree in Anthropology, Archaeology or a closely related field, plus six months or a years experience. Most firms expect employees to have taken at least one professional field school or have had some prior field survey experience. Occasionally firms will take people who are still working on their bachelors degrees. Experience with ArcMap, ArcPad or other GIS hardware such as a Trimble unit is helpful; a valid drivers license and good driving record is a fairly standard requirement. Another highly valued asset is familiarity with cultural resource laws, such as Section 106, NEPA, NHPA, FERC as well as relevant state regulations in the United States. There are also specialist positions, such as coastal or marine/maritime projects that may require SCUBA diving experience. Field schools can be taken at a local university for tuition and living costs; archaeological and historical societies occasionally run projects to train prospective field technicians. Advantageous Assets Field technicians need a good work ethic and a cheerful disposition: archaeology is physically demanding and often tedious, and a successful technician should be willing to learn, work hard, and act independently. Verbal and written communication skills are among the most sought-after characteristics for beginning field technicians, particularly the ability to write technical reports. Membership in professional societies, such as the Institute for Archaeologists in the UK or the Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) in the US, may be a requirement for employment, and background or knowledge in the cultures being studied (especially for long projects) is a valuable asset. Having many of these characteristics may lead to promotions or full-time positions. Although the Americans with Disabilities Act is in force for archaeological jobs in the US and there are similar laws in other countries, field technician jobs require employees to be in good physical condition, to be able to work outdoors in variable weather conditions and on varied terrain. Some jobs will require longer work weeks when circumstances arise; and survey projects, in particular, require walking long distances (8–16 kilometers or 5–10 miles a day) under adverse conditions, including inclement weather and wildlife encounters, carrying up to 23 kilograms (50 pounds). Drug screening, background checks, and even physical fitness exams conducted by the firm are becoming common. Common Pay Rates Based on job listings viewed in January 2019, rates for a Field Technician vary between $US 14–22 per hour and, in the United Kingdom,  £10–15 per hour- however, few job listings in 2019 provided explicit wage data. Per diem covering hotels and meals is often provided, depending on the project. In a statistical survey conducted in 2012, Doug Rocks-Macqueen (2014) reported that rates for US-based field technicians ranged between US$10–25, with an average of $14.09. Rocks-Macqueen, Doug 2014. Jobs in American Archaeology: Pay for CRM Archaeologists. Archaeologies 10(3):281–296 download the article for free from Dougs Archaeology blog. Pluses and Minuses of the Traveling Life The life of a field technician is not without rewards, but there are some difficulties involved. If specific projects last six months or more, it may not be practical for many field technicians to maintain a permanent address (apart from a family member or friend as a mail drop). Stowing furniture and other possessions in an empty apartment for six months or a year is expensive and risky. Field technicians travel quite a bit, which may be the single best reason to spend a couple years as an archaeological assistant. Wages and availability of jobs and housing will vary from company to company, from dig to dig, whether nationally or internationally. In many countries, field technician positions are filled by local experts, and getting hired on those excavations requires enough experience to play a supervisory role. Where to Find Field Tech Jobs US R. Joe Brandons Shovel BumsJennifer Palmers Archaeology Fieldwork.comINDEED: Archaeological Field TechniciansGlassdoor.com: Archaeological Field Technician Jobs Canada Jennifer Palmers Archaeological Fieldwork: Canada UK British Archaeological Jobs Resources (BAJR): EmploymentINDEED UK: Archaeological Field Jobs Australia INDEED AU: Archaeology Jobs

Capital Punishment in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital Punishment in the United States - Essay Example This basically translates into a government wherein the powers of the central (national) government are limited or restricted and in which the component states enjoy a certain degree of autonomy, sovereignty and self-government. In this form, the sovereign power rests with the people who elect their representatives. However, the component states that form the United States are bound by the Supreme law of the land, the Constitution. With that in mind, it would be necessary to state the degree of autonomy each state has in governing its respective territories and constituents. Each state has the three main branches of government, namely the executive, legislative and judiciary. The executive is headed by the Governor, while the legislative and judiciary are composed of State representatives similar to that of these branches at the national level. Each state has its own laws and each State Supreme Court has the power to create the judicial determination of issues of law on their own, subject only to the limitations imposed by the Constitution and the US Supreme Court. One of the limitations imposed by the U.S. Constitution on the issue of capital punishment is mainly enshrined in the Eighth Amendment, prescribing the use of cruel and unusual punishment. For around four decades now since 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court has held steadfast in its ruling that the death penalty does not violate the Eighth Amendment. Another key limitation is one wherein the U.S. Supreme Court overturned death penalty sentences in 19 states when it held that the death penalty could not be imposed on convicted murderers who were under the age of 18 at the time they committed their crimes. (Walker 2006) Thus, it can be seen that indeed each state has the right to determine whether or not a convicted felon should be executed, as long as the State law allows it, and the practice is in accordance with the limitations set on the National level. Therefore, various differences can be seen as to how State practice and legislation allows capital punishment.  Ã‚  

Human trafficking Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human trafficking - Thesis Example This study examines the current situation in the United Arab Emirates, tracing the extent of the problem at the current time, analysing the prevention policies that are in place, how effective they are, as well as making recommendations for the future based on these findings. There is a vast literature on human trafficking, which is a practice as old as human history itself. Human trafficking to the Arabian Peninsula is recognised as being driven mainly by economic pressures, according to which people from impoverished areas travel to seek work, even poor quality and low paid work, in areas where opportunities are better (Calandruccio, 2005, p. 267). There is a particular concern globally about the trafficking of women and children either into the sex trade, or as domestic servants because of the human rights abuses that often accompany this kind of trafficking (Pearson, 2002, p. 13). Some scholars advocate a loosening of controls across the globe, arguing the logic of globalisation will lead to this eventually, and this would eliminate the need for risky and expensive migration modes using criminal means (Casey 2009, p. 14). There are some regional and cultural differences in the nature of human trafficking, for example, the trafficking of young boys into the United Arab Emirates to become camel jockeys was until recently a particular problem (UAE Embassy, p. 1; Shelley, 2010, p. 75). Firm steps have been taken to eliminate this practice, and reparations have been made to victims of this trafficking in the past (International Labour Organization, 2010, p. 1). A specific offence of trafficking in persons was established in the UAE in 2006, and a national action plan against it was adopted in 2006 and renewed in 2008 (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009, p. 90). International Labour Organization (ILO). CEACR Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 1999,

Understanding Best Methods in Evidence-Based Practices in Healthcare Research Paper

Understanding Best Methods in Evidence-Based Practices in Healthcare and for Nurses - Research Paper Example In today’s medical world, electronic clinical information systems (ECIS) are now found in every hospital and clinic setting, allowing for nurses and doctors to quickly access information electronically and apply solutions immediately at the patient’s bedside. When medical staff are able to complete forms and search for information electronically using national standard code terms (or SNLs) on hand-held devices, this eliminates the older practices of having to return to one’s desk to look up information in books and office folders and then notate everything on paper. Eliminating excess time by having portable access to electronic medical information databases on the go, provides the environment in all clinics and hospitals of quickly and accurately providing efficient solutions and operations for all concerned (Allread et al., 2004). The ability for nurses to conduct research also provides the development needed for gaining experience in addressing clinical questi ons about cases and confronting ethical issues (Webb, 2011). Clinical research also provides opportunities to build a strong foundation of scientific information and knowledge, particularly applicable to clinical settings. Research in evidence-based systems also provides opportunities in developing processes within the nursing management sector as part of delivering better information and infrastructure in hospitals and clinics, between management and staff and between management, staff, and patients (Webb, 2011).

Organisational Structure Of The Ikea Company Commerce Essay

Organisational Structure Of The Ikea Company Commerce Essay Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of IKEA, as a child, started a profitable business selling matches to neighbours on his bicycle. In 1943, at just 17 using money he received as a gift from his father for doing well in school he formed IKEA which is an acronym made up of his initials and the first letters of Elmtaryd and Agunnaryd, the farm and village in Sweden where he grew up. In 1947, furniture was introduced for the first time in IKEAs product line in the form of armchairs. Local craftsmen made the furniture using wood from a nearby forest. IKEAs furniture became very popular and the line was extended to include more products. Its interesting at this point in the companies history because Kamprad was based in a very poor area of Sweden, and because of this, the people were naturally frugal and highly resourceful, in other words they had to maximise and be inventive with the limited resources available to themThe author believes that this is the setting and cornerstone for all of IKEAs subsequent success. IKEAs vision was To create a better everyday life for the many people. According to Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of Ikea; To design a desk which may cost $1,000 is easy for a furniture designer, but to design a functional and good desk which shall cost $50 can only be done by the very best. Expensive solutions to all kinds of problems are often signs of mediocrity. (Chandler, 1993: 12) Ikeas success is based on the relatively simple idea of keeping the cost between manufacturers and customers down. Costs are kept under control starting at the design level of the value-added chain. Following on from this the culture of the company emphasizes efficiency and low cost, which cannot be achieved at the expense of quality or service. Bureaucracy is fought at all levels in the organization. Kamprad believes that simplicity and common sense should characterize planning and strategic direction (Bartlett et Al, 1993: 78). Bartlett C.A. Ghoshal S. (1993) Transnational Management. Irwin Publishers Boston Massachusetts Symbolic policies, such as only flying economy class and staying at economical hotels, employing young executives and sponsoring university programs have made cost part of corporate culture and have further inspired the influx of entrepreneurship into the organization. Despite his vast wealth it is reported he used to only drive an eleven-year-old modest Volvo. By 1951, furniture sales dominated his sales inventory and he decided to specialize exclusively in low priced furniture. The author recognises here that he is playing to his market strengths and again this is a further cornerstone of his subsequent success. In the same year, the first IKEA furniture catalogue was published. IKEA opened its first furniture showroom in 1953, which allowed customers to check the quality and use the items they were buying. The author recognises that any company that is prepared to allow customers to use its products before buying them will likely ensure that the quality of the product is if anything substantially above its utility specification. People also like to handle and view a potential product before purchase, which is part of the reason, that ecommerce will always take on limited success. Today IKEA is actually a privately held company owned by Stichting INGKA Foundation, a non-profit registered in Leiden in the Netherlands that is controlled by the Kamprads three sons. The Dutch foundation is worth US$36 billion in 2006. IKEA Group with its headquarters in Denmark, is a multinational operator of a chain of stores for home furnishing and furniture. It is the worlds largest furniture retailer with a reputation for low cost, style and design. IKEAs annual home furnishing sales are 20 billion euros with more than 260 IKEA Group stores in 25 countries (Ohlsson, 2010). IKEA has about 40 distribution centres worldwide in 16 different countries, and implemented the automated Astro warehouse management system in 2005 (2005) in 15 of their Distribution Centres (DC) and Customer Distribution Centres (CDC). IKEA has approximately 1,220 suppliers from 55 different countries split more or less evenly between Europe and Asia, the top five of which are China 20%, Poland 18%, Italy 8%, Germany 6% and Sweden 5%. The company holds 3.5m stock keep units, with 10000 different product types amongst them, 10% of which are new every year. It is also a major global employer with 125000 employees in 40 different countries. Human resources The companys ethos was quite Christian in its values-their philosophy was to treat others as one would like to be treated oneself and their belief is akin to that shown by Japanese companies to their workers today that is to increase commitment and hence productivity from staff, one has to provide them with the belief of belonging to the company. For instance, all design teams enjoy complete autonomy in their work, but are expected to design new appealing products regularly. Ikeas employment philosophy is widely welcomed in the USA where historically moral amongst staff and working conditions and benefits are poor in the retail sector. This accounted for the fact that the sector had one of the highest turnover rates of all industries. Consequently, it also suffers from high human resource (HR) costs, as companies have to recruit and train replacements at frequent intervals. Definition: Management Information Systems (MIS) is the term given to the discipline focused on the integration of computer systems with the aims and objectives on an organisation. Information systems can be broadly divided into operational level for transaction processing, knowledge level for knowledge and office management, management level for decision and intelligent support and strategic level for executive support. The information systems support an information value chain for both business process-supply chain, enterprise, customer and knowledge management and management activities-planning, co-ordinating, controlling and modelling. Ultimately all the systems process data and provide feedback and for executive support for decision making planning, monitoring and implementation of strategy and the general workforce. Definition of an organisation -a stable formal structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs. An organisation can be said to be a formal structure with a standard operating procedure, politics and culture. Environmental factors affect their outputs -these maybe resources, government, competitors, financial, institutional culture, technology. Impact of information systems is seen in terms of a microeconomic model, transaction cost model, agency theory and behavioral theory. sociotechnical systems, redefining boundaries, recognising work flows, flattening, electronic market. Diagram Organisation Information technology mediating factors -environment culture structure standard procedures politics management decisions chance Information systems Information systems relate to the way in which Ikea is organized, its management and its technical layout. Information systems do not just consist of information technology (IT) and information transfer systems-the technical requirements should act as an adjunct to the business strategies of the enterprise rather than being a hostage to its fortune. Often business strategy requires the execution of complex processes of control and automation and the ability to quickly analyze and react to relevant data, not in an uncontrolled firefighting or reactive manner but with anticipation and forward planning based on likely demand and external changes in the business environment. Diagram showing interdependence between Business strategy, software, hardware, data management, telecommunications Organisational framework The problem is that in complex business organizations SBUs tend to design their information management needs according to their best interests rather than to the interest of the enterprise as a whole. This is termed the silo affect. To survive in an every more competitive environment, management must be strong enough to ensure that their strategy is implemented in the execution of cross-functional business processes and that information can be managed and shared across spatial, functional, geographic and segmental boundaries. Stakeholders interests e.g.are often ignored at the expense of damaging other parts of the supply chain, and the chain weakens. This maybe for several reasons, particularly because corporations are often intimidated by the thought of sharing competitive information with their suppliers. Their information security facilities often prohibits suppliers from gaining advantage by withholding from them key information e.g. manufacturing processes can benefit from effi cient production through accessing a real-time demand system. Companies therefore face a dilemma-do they share information to the extent that it allows their potential competitors access to their market information or do they with-hold information and become less competitive. In the end and on balance, a closeted attitude becomes self-defeating and exposes them to the risk of a more aggressive competitor. Ikea does not actually manufacture products, however it plays a very large design and innovative role in their production. By outsourcing manufacturing they can retain a competitive advantage -if one company fails to provide product as specified they will find another company that can and they do not suffer from set-up costs and ultimately ROI costs. One can immediately see the main problems relating to information management for IKEA. None more so than with a company whose strategy demands supply from a worldwide network and delivery to a worldwide customer base. One can easily understand that where there is a disparate group of suppliers, co-ordination between various supplier and DC is critical. A range of kitchen products e.g.may be produced by different manufacturers who have different supply times, manufacturing ability, geographical location, delivery times etc. On one hand one does not want idle inventory stock as this costs money, on the other one wants to ensure a constant supply which can meet fluctuations in demand-otherwise customers will become frustrated and will purchase elsewhere. In addition customer demand may vary between geographical location e.g. a country maybe has mainly city based stores where there would naturally be higher demand e.g. for space saving furniture which may be manufacturered in a country r ound the other side of the world. Ikea faces huge logistical problems, particularly as their ethos is to supply medium range quality product at low price. Supply planning is key to this strategy. One needs in this situation to forecast across the whole company and to organise its distribution centres into groups and hold one lot of a float of stock for a number of DCs. The capacity and geographical location of the CDCs become crucial to the companies strategic planning. Clearly a high capacity geographically distant CDC or a low capacity near CDC have redundancy issues because of the volume of product they hold and there impact on delivery time. Technology At operation level, Astro WMS (Group, 2010) is a modular WMS that IKEA adopted in 2010 and increases and improves efficiency in their distribution centre. Astro simplifies and streamlines the work process to provide total control of warehouse management with full tractability, accuracy, and on-line planning. In order to optimise capacity, handling equipment and storage spaces must be fully utilized. Astro is an automated warehouse management system that allows for ordering fulfilment automatically so reducing manual cost with automated re-ordering purchase orders being sent to suppliers when stock levels are low. Fully automatic double-aisle cranes from LTW Doppelmayr operate without any manual input as if robots have taken over the world leaving man redundant. In IKEA DC in New Jersey USA is running Astro WMS at full capacity with 175 warehouse employees. Ed Morris, Operations Manager at the site comments, We have seen that we are already back to picking 4,500 customer order lines per day and able to ship 34 trailers to the stores by the end of week one. I am confident that we will be exceeding our previous daily expectations in the very near future. Through the partnership we have built with the Consafe team, I am sure that both sides will take things away from this project and use them in the future. I really believe that this cutover was a success for both IKEA and Consafe. There will be space for 70.000 pallets in the 2 conventional modules and 100.000 pallets in the high-rack system. The warehouse capacity will be 270.000 pallets and therefore the largest IKEA Distribution Centre in the world. Taking a product to market involves many steps and information management is crucial to the products success. Ikea often designs and develops products from their inception to market. In order to do this they work from CAD drawings and have prototype machines model real products from their design drawings. But product manufacturing is more involved than just prototype production and testing. One must consider material source and process cost with the manufacturer as well as packaging development. IKEA is famous for its flat packs that were designed not just to fit into the customers car easily, but are mainly designed to maximize use of space during transport and warehousing so reducing costs storage and handling costs to a minimum. (Economist, 1994: 101). IKEA realized early on that space is often redundant during storage or transportation, yet costs money regardless of whether it is utilized or not. Hence the idea of a flat pack where storage and transport demand can be anticipated easily and utilized efficiently. In addition products have to market researched and tested and there has to be careful consideration in rollout, forecasting and financials. Neglecting one of these areas can cause immense damage to the company as a whole e.g. if a product reaches the shelf which is faulty may damage the brand of the company e.g. if the manufacturing process is too costly to set up it can place borrowing costs and liquidity capital under significant strain. The product must also be indexed, catalogued, labeled and displayed correctly. All of these represent part of the supply process, all of them require huge information analysis and appropriate information transfer. Order planning is therefore crucial to their operation and differences between expected demand and supply will affect their bottom line. In 2005 realising that these issues were becoming critical, the company decided to use an SAP based demand-planning tool solution with Manugistics and their goal was to reduce inventory levels in distribution centres by at least 10%. In its deployment the software must be able to identify critical resources such as people, equipment, storage, suppliers, finances, and be able to forecast with reasonable accuracy supply and demand fluctuations. Diagram-Forecast, stock, orders, material resource planning, requisition, quality, invoice, payment, structure of DC, CDC manufacturers. Production manager and finance officer. Management issues In modern corporate culture constant improvement has become a leading concept, and the technology has to keep up. Therefore the system needs to be flexible and adaptive, i.e. they need to be able to adapt changes in the flow. The limits of this flexibility are set at an early stage, by the choice of system and provider/supplier. As the company has such a vast range of stock there is also a tendency to be production-oriented, rather than customer focused which has made its supply chain more push than pull which naturally creates a supply-demand imbalance. The Supply Chain Council is an independent group of international supply chain industry executives and experts who developed the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model over a ten-year period using in-depth industry research and analysis. The models however are often based on forecasts and on theories, which are exact in them selves, but whose results maybe incorrect. The reason is that they require great quantities of data that are hard to gather and have to be estimated and calculations often have to be carried out for entire batches. One such example is the Wilson formula. The Wilson Formula The Wilson formula is a traditional method for determining production quantity where the total consumption during a period of time is known. The formula assumes that the only costs entailed are a warehousing cost per stock keeping unit and a one-time cost every time an order is placed, known as administrative re-ordering costs. The formula tries to find an optimal balance between the two costs to minimize the total cost, which is known as the economic order quantity (EOQ). In order for the Wilson formula to work, a number of conditions have to be met: Demand is constant and continuous The lead time for receiving ordered goods is constant Administrative re-ordering costs and warehousing costs are constant The order quantity does not need to be expressed as an integer The entire order quantity is delivered to the warehouse on the same occasion No shortages allowed The price/cost is independent of time requirements and ordered quantity Goods handling is ignored which is often a considerable cost e.g. the value of the article is often not proportional to the handling cost of the good. The administrative re-ordering cost is hard to determine. Price and demand also varies over time making judgement obsolete. Management by Objectives Ikea uses Opportunity Analyzer, which makes use of the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model. Best practices and key performance indicators are embedded in Opportunity Analyzer Management. Opportunity Analyzer recognizes important key performance indicators (KPIs) e.g. delivery performance. While MIS systems are extremely useful in generating statistical reports and data analysis they can also be of use as a Management by Objectives (MBO) tool. MBO is a management process by which managers and subordinates agree upon a series of objectives for the subordinate to attempt to achieve within a set time frame. Objectives are set using the SMART ratio: that is, objectives should be Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic and Time-Specific. The success of any MBO objective depends upon the continuous tracking of progress. In tracking this performance it can be extremely useful to make use of an MIS system. Since all SMART objectives are by definition measurable they can be tracked through the generation of management reports to be analysed by decision-makers. http://www.supply-chain.org/resources/scormark/tutorial SCOR considers management processes and planning. Ikea has such a large range of products that one has to be able to benchmark supply chains against products in order to best assess the most profitable items. SCOR takes product and cross references them individually against customer sub-type then groups similar supply chain characteristics. It then applies performance matrices-those of agility, responsiveness, cost, assets and reliability and scores each group of supply chains accordingly creating a ranking of supply chains. The advantages are obvious in that the more efficient supply chains can be more heavily relied upon, to create profit, the weaker ones losing out from future reliance. However, the disadvantage is that supply chains may cut across market segments and unifying groups by supply chain efficiency rather than by market segment may destroy market uniformity. The executive team can select a relevant KPI for the particular target area. Today, companies connect into networks or chains, increasing the flow rate throughout the supply chain to satisfy an ever more demanding customer. Increased power is given over to the vendor to keep stock at the desired level. http://www.jda.com/company/display-collateral.html?did=636dcid=1 The demand supply chain software must also be able to provide key metrics in areas where demand exceeds supply and available capacity. This will improve order fill rates and network utilization and will free working capital tied to ineffective inventory. However, understanding the supply demand chain in its practical execution is not all that is required. The product, must also align with its financial evaluation in an integrated business plan. It must be able to identify any performance concerns and gaps at the lowest practical level across the strategic/business plans. The software must become a forecasting tool and be able to perform a what if scenario for management to make best estimate prediction on future capacity demands. It must be able to relate assumptions, risks and opportunities to specific hierarchy levels in the SOP plan. These are decision support systems. Like all good army strategy there must be a backup plan when all goes wrong with practical and well-worked altern atives e.g. its no good having a back up generator if its not properly serviced regularly. The information tool must also be able to track changes over time and carry out real-time review analysis of supply and highlight areas where inventory positions violate pre-defined tolerances. It must also be able to highlight critical resource constraints related to material, labor and other capacity variables. Clearly there is a position that optimizes resources, distribution, transportation, stock inventory, production and materials. http://www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/operations-supply/10574219-1.html Recommendations IKEA is undoubtedly a highly successful global firm. Like all firms they must ensure competitive advantage. In information transfer terms they have problems relating to the fact that their suppliers are multiple and demand can vary. It may be better for them to consider horizontal back integration and begin to act as suppliers to ensure consistant information flow-from factory to customer. They will undoubtedly sometime soon saturate their market and further market expansion may not be possible. They must look toward expansion elsewhere either by parallel related market considerations e.g. home or commercial furnishing design or by backward horizontal integration. Both would be ideal targets for integrated information design providing the company with synergistic information value and ultimately increasing their information value chain.